You Probably Aren’t Getting Enough
Approximately 50% of the population is not getting the estimated average requirement for magnesium (~420 mg of magnesium).1Most Americans are only consuming around 250 mg of magnesium per day1and would benefit from getting an additional 150-200 mg of magnesium.This has to do with the fact that refining grain removes 70-80% of the magnesium.2Furthermore, since the 1850s, wheats have declined in magnesium concentration by 7-29% and vegetables by 15-23%.3Since 1930, fruits and vegetables have dropped in magnesium concentration by 35%.4Up to 30% of the population is magnesium deficient based on low serum magnesium levels and up to 84% of certain patient populations are magnesium deficient when using the gold standard IV magnesium load test.1Thus, hidden magnesium deficiency is common throughout the population, and it leads to numerous health issues.
Magnesium is Important for Mood
The first report of magnesium for improving mood was published in 1921 showing success in 220 out of 250 cases.5Since then, numerous case reports have found rapid improvements in mood with the use of magnesium supplementation.5Additionally, a randomized trial showed that magnesium supplementation was just as effective as an antidepressant for improving mood.6Thus, clinical studies in humans suggests that magnesium supplementation is beneficial for improving mood.
Approximately 60% of individuals who have a depressed mood are considered treatment-resistant and this may be due to magnesium deficiency.5Indeed, low magnesium levels correlate with poor outcomes in in individuals with a depressed mood who do not respond to medications,7whereas higher magnesium intakes are associated with better mood scores.8All of this suggests a potential role for magnesium in mental health.
Magnesium in the brain is needed to make the “feel good” neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline.9However, only magnesium L-threonate increases brain magnesium levels, even when compared to magnesium citrate, glycinate, gluconate, malate, and chloride.10, 11In summary, depressed mood may simply be a sign of magnesium deficiency in the brain.Boosting brain magnesium levels, particularly with the use of magnesium L-threonate, may have profound benefits on mood.
Symptoms of magnesium deficiency can include depressed mood, confusion and agitation.12Individuals with depression are known to have lower magnesium levels in the blood13and the brain.5Furthermore, individuals with depression have low cerebral spinal fluid magnesium.5However, cerebral spinal fluid magnesium levels are tightly controlled and difficult to increase.14However, magnesium L-threonate has improved effectiveness for increasing cerebrospinal fluid magnesium levels compared to other magnesium supplements.11Indeed, only magnesium L-threonate, as opposed to magnesium chloride or gluconate, increases cerebrospinal fluid magnesium levels and improves cognition in animal models.11
Summary of Magnesium and Mood:
Individual with depressed mood haveLower magnesium levels in the blood13and the brain.5Low cerebral spinal fluid magnesium.5Magnesium L-threonate has improved effectiveness for increasing cerebrospinal fluid magnesium levels.11Only magnesium L-threonate, as opposed to magnesium chloride or magnesium gluconate, increases cerebrospinal fluid magnesium levels, and improves cognition in animal models.11
Magnesium May Help with Stress, Fear, Phobias and PTSD
Many individuals who lead stressful lives have an higher intake of alcohol, coffee, or caffeine, which increase the elimination of magnesium out in the urine.15, 16High levels of stress can lead to magnesium deficiency by increasing the amount of magnesium that is lost in the urine.17, 18Moreover, magnesium deficiency enhances the stress response.17Indeed, magnesium deficiency increases stress-induced mortality in animals,19whereas compensation for magnesium deficiency improves the ability of the nervous system to resist stress.17Thus, stress leads to magnesium deficiency and magnesium deficiency leads to stress.
Animals receiving diets low in magnesium display increased anxiety-related behavior,20and this may be due to hyper-excitability in the brain and increased cortisol production.21Importantly, two studies have shown that supplementing animals with magnesium L-threonate reduces anxiety.22, 23Thus, mechanistic and animal data suggests that magnesium may have a central role in the relief of anxiety.
Anxiety disorders, such as phobias and post-traumatic stress disorders, are some of the most common mental disorders.Currently, there are limited treatments for these patients.Studies suggest that enhancing the plasticity of certain brain regions may improve health outcomes in these individuals.Magnesium L-threonate, through its ability to enhance brain magnesium levels, can enhance synaptic plasticity, enhance the extinction of fear memory, without erasing the original fear memory.17Other studies corroborate these findings and suggest that magnesium L-threonate is indeed helpful in fear disorders.22, 23
In summary, anxiety can cause magnesium deficiency and vice versa.Considering that most people in the United States are not consuming an adequate amount of magnesium from the diet; supplementation with magnesium L-threoante may have an important role.
Magnesium is important for Cognition
Brain magnesium is critical for the growth and function of synapses, which are the connections between neurons.24Autopsy studies show that people with Alzheimer’s disease have lower magnesium levels in certain brain regions compared to controls.25Importantly, increasing magnesium in neurons increases synapse density, function and plasticity.26, 27Thus, supplements such as magnesium L-threonate, which can increase brain magnesium levels, may have a role in improving the connections between neurons.
Magnesium L-threonate in older adults with cognitive impairment significantly improves overall cognitive ability, reduces cognitive fluctuation, and nearly restores impaired executive function compared to placebo.24Performance speed, reflecting executive function and cognitive processing also improved by ~ 20%. Thus, in older adults with cognitive impairment, magnesium L-threonate significantly improves cognition and executive function and reduces cognitive fluctuation.24The authors of the study also suggested that magnesium L-threonate effectively reversed the equivalent of 9 years of brain aging based on a standardized cognitive test measuring executive function.
Another clinical study tested magnesium L-threonate in fifteen patients with a clinical diagnosis of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease.28Magnesium L-threonate caused a significant improvement in MMSE score.Importantly, 4 months after stopping magnesium L-threonate MMSE score was still above 24 versus 23 at baseline.28An MMSE score of 24 or less is the cut-off for diagnosing dementia.Thus, maintaining an MMSE score above 24 suggests lasting benefits on cognitive function with the use of magnesium L-threonate even after discontinuation.
Magnesium is Needed for Focus
In another human clinical study, 15 adults with Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) received magnesium L-threonate up to 1 gram in the morning and 1 gram in the evening for 12 weeks.29Approximately half of patients were considered “responders” to the treatment by having a 25% reduction or more in ADHD symptoms.Subjects given magnesium L-threonate showed significant improvements in self-reported ADHD symptoms.Certain measurements of executive functioning, visual scanning and number sequence also improved with magnesium L-threonate.Additionally, Full-Scale IQ (intelligence quotient) on WASI-II and Matrix Scaled Score significantly improved by ~ 5-12% with magnesium L-threonate supplementation.29This study suggests that magnesium L-threonate may help improve focus and other ADHD symptoms.In summary, magnesium L-threonate may play a key role for supporting mood, focus, stress, and cognition.
References
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